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--- amc:ss2023:group-a:start [2023/07/25 19:18] – osama-haiyl-attallah.attallah
+++ amc:ss2023:group-a:start [2023/07/26 01:23] (current) – [2.0 Materials and Methods] ismail.santina-jarkass
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
-==Quantitaive methods of biodiversity determination==
+**Quantitaive methods of biodiversity determination** (Ismail)
 To describe species diversity in natural communities, ecologists categorize several indices which based on what they measure and what they represent. No specific weights are assigned to species, except for abundances (and for biomass in some indices). The same holds for the individuals within a species. Species richness measures of biodiversity by counting the number of different species in a given area. This measure is strongly dependent on sampling size and effort, but does not depend on each species weight in the sample pool. Richness-Evenness (or Richess-Abundance) indices measure in a way similar to the information theory concerning a code or message; by accounting for the weight of each species in the sample pool. A prime example of this is the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, expressed as such:
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
-==2.1.1 ESP32CAM + SD card (ismail)==
+==2.1.1 ESP32CAM + SD card (Ismail)==
-The ESP32-CAM is a compact and energy-efficient camera module built around ESP32. Equipped with the OV2640 camera, it boasts an onboard TF card slot. One of its standout features is the 4MB PSRAM, which efficiently stores camera images, enabling smooth video streaming and other processes without overwhelming the ESP32, thus allowing for higher picture quality. Additionally, the module includes an onboard LED for flash functionality and multiple GPIOs for seamless peripheral connections. Users can conveniently insert an SD card to preserve the captured photos for future review. (5)
+The ESP32-CAM, as shown in Fig 2 is a compact and energy-efficient camera module built around ESP32. Equipped with the OV2640 camera, it boasts an onboard TF card slot. One of its standout features is the 4MB PSRAM, which efficiently stores camera images, enabling smooth video streaming and other processes without overwhelming the ESP32, thus allowing for higher picture quality. Additionally, the module includes an onboard LED for flash functionality and multiple GPIOs for seamless peripheral connections. Users can conveniently insert an SD card to preserve the captured photos for future review. (5)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:camera_sdcard.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:camera_sdcard.jpg?nolink&800|}}
+Fig 2. ESP32-Cam AI-Thinker + 8Gb SD Card
-==2.1.2 FT232R UARTUartSBee V5 (FTDI) (henry)==
+==2.1.2 FT232R UartSBee V5 (FTDI) (Henrydon)==
 Since the ESP32-CAM AI-Thinker lacks a built-in programmer and a serial port, it cannot be programmed directly, thus serial communication must be first established through a protocol. The FT232R is a single chip USB to serial UART interface with advanced features, including integrated USB termination resistors, EEPROM for storing device descriptors, support for various data transfer rates, FTDI's royalty-free Virtual Com Port and Direct drivers, and compatibility with different voltage levels, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. (6)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:ftdi.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:ftdi.jpg?nolink&800|}}
-==2.1.3 Solar module (ismail)==
+Fig 3. UartSBee V5
-On the roof of the bird house lies a solar (or photovoltaic panel) module. This eco-friendly component absorbs sunlight to generate clean and sustainable energy, which is then stored in a built-in rechargeable battery. This ensures a continuous and uninterrupted power supply for the bird house camera, even during cloudy days.
+==2.1.3 Solar module (Ismail)==
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:whatsapp_image_2023-07-24_at_13.25.15.jpeg?nolink&600|}}
+Fig 4. Solar panel module
+On the roof of the bird house lies a solar (or photovoltaic panel) module, shown in Fig 4. This eco-friendly component absorbs sunlight to generate clean and sustainable energy, which is then stored in a built-in rechargeable battery. This ensures a continuous and uninterrupted power supply for the bird house camera, even during cloudy days.
 The short-circuit current is the current through the solar cell when the voltage across the solar cell is zero (i.e., when the solar cell is short circuited). Usually written as ISC, the short-circuit current is shown on the IV curve below. The short-circuit current is due to the generation and collection of light-generated carriers. For an ideal solar cell at most moderate resistive loss mechanisms, the short-circuit current and the light-generated current are identical. Therefore, the short-circuit current is the largest current which may be drawn from the solar cell. (7)
@@ Line 56: / Line 63: @@
 The open-circuit voltage, VOC, is the maximum voltage available from a solar cell, and this occurs at zero current. The open-circuit voltage corresponds to the amount of forward bias on the solar cell due to the bias of the solar cell junction with the light-generated current. The open-circuit voltage is shown on the IV curve below. (8)
-Measuring the potential difference between the positive and negative terminals of the solar module yields a DC voltage of ~6V, which means it consists of 12 PV cells, with 0.5 V each connected serially.
+Measuring the potential difference between the positive and negative terminals of the solar module, as in Vid 1. yields a DC voltage of ~6V, which means it consists of 12 PV cells, with 0.5 V each connected serially.
 {{ :amc:ss2023:group-a:panelvoltage.mp4 |}}
-The open-circuit voltage ~ 6V
+Vid 1. The open-circuit voltage ~ 6V
 Its role in this project is to keep the battery  charged at all times to ensure the constant recording done by the ESP32-CAM. Logically, the bird house is preferably placed at an elevated location, where it has direct contact to sunlight (a rooftop for instance).
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:image-79.png?nolink&600|}}
+==2.1.4 PIR module (infrared module) (Henrydon)==
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:whatsapp_image_2023-07-24_at_13.25.15.jpeg?nolink&250|}}
+PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The sensor in a motion detector is actually split in two halves. The reason for that is that we are looking to detect motion (change) not average IR levels. The two halves are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR radiation than the other, the output will swing high or low. The sensor has a wide input voltage range (4. 5V to 12V), a High/Low output voltage of 3. 3V TTL, capable of distinguishing between object and human movement, featuring two operating modes, covering a 120° angle and a 7-meter range, with low power consumption (65mA) and an operating temperature range of -20° to +80° Celsius. Below the frensel lenses, the IR sensor is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can to protect against intruding noise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of IR-transmissive material that protects the sensing element. Behind the window are the two balanced sensors. (9)
-==2.1.4 PIR module (infrared module) (henry)==
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:pirsensor.jpg?nolink&800|}}
-PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The sensor in a motion detector is actually split in two halves. The reason for that is that we are looking to detect motion (change) not average IR levels. The two halves are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR radiation than the other, the output will swing high or low. The sensor has a wide input voltage range (4. 5V to 12V), a High/Low output voltage of 3. 3V TTL, capable of distinguishing between object and human movement, featuring two operating modes, covering a 120° angle and a 7-meter range, with low power consumption (65mA) and an operating temperature range of -20° to +80° Celsius.
+Fig 5. PIr sensor
-PIR sensors are more complicated than many of the other sensors explained in these tutorials (like photocells, FSRs and tilt switches) because there are multiple variables that affect the sensors input and output. To begin explaining how a basic sensor works, we'll use this rather nice diagram
+==2.1.5 Resistors + Transistors==
-The PIR sensor itself has two slots in it, each slot is made of a special material that is sensitive to IR. The lens used here is not really doing much and so we see that the two slots can 'see' out past some distance (basically the sensitivity of the sensor). When the sensor is idle, both slots detect the same amount of IR, the ambient amount radiated from the room or walls or outdoors. When a warm body like a human or animal passes by, it first intercepts one half of the PIR sensor, which causes a positive differential change between the two halves. When the warm body leaves the sensing area, the reverse happens, whereby the sensor generates a negative differential change. These change pulses are what is detected.
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:resistor_transistor.jpg?nolink&600|}}
+Fig 6. 1K, 10K resistors and 2N2222A NPN Transistor
-Below the dome:
+The transistor here acts as a switch (10)
-The IR sensor itself is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can to improve noise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of IR-transmissive material (typically coated silicon since that is very easy to come by) that protects the sensing element. Behind the window are the two balanced sensors.
-PIR sensors are rather generic and for the most part vary only in price and sensitivity. Most of the real magic happens with the optics. This is a pretty good idea for manufacturing: the PIR sensor and circuitry is fixed and costs a few dollars. The lens costs only a few cents and can change the breadth, range, sensing pattern, very easily.
-In the diagram up top, the lens is just a piece of plastic, but that means that the detection area is just two rectangles. Usually we'd like to have a detection area that is much larger. To do that, we use a simple lens such as those found in a camera: they condenses a large area (such as a landscape) into a small one (on film or a CCD sensor). For reasons that will be apparent soon, we would like to make the PIR lenses small and thin and moldable from cheap plastic, even though it may add distortion. For this reason the sensors are actually Fresnel lenses: The Fresnel lens condenses light, providing a larger range of IR to the sensor.
-OK, so now we have a much larger range. However, remember that we actually have two sensors, and more importantly we dont want two really big sensing-area rectangles, but rather a scattering of multiple small areas. So what we do is split up the lens into multiple section, each section of which is a fresnel lens
-The different faceting and sub-lenses create a range of detection areas, interleaved with each other. That's why the lens centers in the facets above are 'inconsistent' - every other one points to a different half of the PIR sensing element (9)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:pirsensor.jpg?nolink&400|}}
-==2.1.5 Resistors + Transistors==
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:resistor_transistor.jpg?nolink&400|}}
-(10)
 ==2.1.6 Battery + charge regulator (henry)==
-Lithium-ion polymer batteries are thin, light, and powerful with an output range of 4.2V to 3.7V and a capacity of 2000mAh. The battery comes with a pre-attached genuine 2-pin JST-PH connector preventing snags, smooth insertion, and removal, as well as built-in protection circuitry to prevent overcharging, overuse, and protect against output shorts. (11)
+Lithium-ion polymer batteries are thin, light, and powerful with an output range of 3.7V to 4.2V and a capacity of 2000mAh. The battery comes with a pre-attached genuine 2-pin JST-PH connector preventing snags, smooth insertion, and removal, as well as built-in protection circuitry to prevent overcharging, overuse, and protect against output shorts. (11)
-The Adafruit Universal USB/DC/Solar Lithium Ion/Polymer Charger is a multifunctional charging device designed to efficiently and reliably charge lithium-ion/polymer batteries using USB, DC power sources, or solar panels, catering to a wide range of portable and renewable energy applications. It includes status indicators and protection features like overcharging and reverse polarity protection, ensuring safe and efficient charging for the battery and connected devices.
-Adafruit LiPo charger:
+The Adafruit Universal USB/DC/Solar Lithium Ion/Polymer Charger, shown in Fig 7. is a multifunctional charging device designed to efficiently and reliably charge lithium-ion/polymer batteries using USB, DC power sources, or solar panels, catering to a wide range of portable and renewable energy applications. It includes status indicators and protection features like overcharging and reverse polarity protection, ensuring safe and efficient charging for the battery and connected devices. Functions with 3.7V/4.2V LiIon batteries, and a 6V solar panel (2.1 mm DC Jack)
-This charger is a breeze to use for solar projects: pick up any of our many 3.7V/4.2V LiIon batteries, and a 6V solar panel. Plug the battery into the BATT port using a 2-pin JST cable and the solar panel into the DC jack using a 2.1mm adapter cable Put the solar panel outside (and keep the battery out of the sun, it needs to be kept cool!) to start charging. You can power another project at the same time by connecting to the LOAD output port, which will never go above 4.4V.
-The bq24074 which powers this design is great for solar charging, and will automatically draw the most current possible from the panel in any light condition Even thought it isn't a 'true' MPPT (max power point tracker), it has near-identical performance without the additional cost of a buck-converter. Our detailed tutorial on how to use this charger includes a design document explaining how it all works.
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:battery_charger.jpg?nolink&700|}}
-Maximum Power Point Tracking is a family of control algorithms that aims at optimizing the use of a power source that possesses a fluctuating power profile.
+Fig 7. Battery + LiPo Charger
-Indeed, some power sources, like solar panels, present power characteristics that strongly depend on the operating conditions. For instance, the cloud coverage significantly impacts the capability of a panel to deliver electricity. As such, maximizing the extracted power requires identifying – and tracking – the operating point that provides the highest power level as a function of the operating conditions.
+The bq24074 which powers this design is great for solar charging, and will automatically draw the most current possible from the panel in any light condition with a near-MPPT characteristic
-Therefore, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is often applied in renewable energy systems – e.g. photovoltaic plants or wind turbines – as their power delivery capability varies significantly and in an unpredictable manner. Other special operating points may be interesting to track, such as the maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT), or other optimum, e.g. related to operating costs.
+Maximum Power Point Tracking is a family of control algorithms that aims at optimizing the use of a power source that possesses a fluctuating power profile. The cloud coverage significantly impacts the capability of a panel to deliver electricity. As such, maximizing the extracted power requires identifying – and tracking – the operating point that provides the highest power level as a function of the operating conditions. MPPT is applied in renewable energy systems. Other special operating points may be interesting to track, such as the maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT), reasons related to operating costs. The inevitable internal resistance can hinder the maximum possible output power. Since the maximum power point is not located at the maximum (Voc) voltage and max. Isc current point. Therefore, the operating point that delivers the maximum power must be constantly tracked by searching for the best voltage · current combination. Voltage collapses during high current draw. We need to find a way to keep the lipo charger from drawing too much current, and backing off when the voltage starts to drop. The bq24074 is equipped with an Input Dynamic Power Managemtn Mode (Input DPM) and basically, when the input drops below 4.5V approximately, the charger will automatically increase/reduce the charge rate to keep the voltage higher than 4.5V. This charger is dynamically stable and does not need an optional capacitor to keep solar charging from oscillating.
-For practically all real power sources, the power that can be extracted varies with the operating point. While electrical sources are related to the voltage/current pair, the same principle also applies to force/speed, flux/surface, etc.
+The charger has 2 LEDS:
-In all cases, the inevitable internal resistance (or equivalent quantity) limits the maximum possible output power. Non-linear or more complex characteristics also exist, but with the same result: the maximum power point is not located at the [max. voltage · max. current] point (or equivalent quantity). Therefore, the operating point that delivers the maximum power must be constantly tracked by searching for the best voltage · current combination.
 OUT - Regulated load output. This pin will provide a regulated output when the input voltage is below the over voltage protection threshold and above the regulation voltage. It will never be higher than 4.4V (but it may dip down to 3V or whatever the LiPo battery voltage is at, if USB/DC isnt plugged in)
 PGOOD - Power Good Status (active low). PGOOD pulls to GND (open drain) lighting the connected led when a valid input source is connected. If the input power source is not within specified limits, PGOOD is disconnected from ground (high impedance) and the LED will be off.
-CHG - Charge status (active low) pulls to GND (open drain) lighting the connected led when the battery is charging. If the battery is charged or the charger is disabled, CHG is disconnected from ground (high impedance) and the LED will be off.
+CHG - Charge status (active low) pulls to GND (open drain) lighting the connected led when the battery is charging. If the battery is charged or the charger is disabled, CHG is disconnected from ground (high impedance) and the LED will be off. (12)
-OK so how do we fix this problem? The issue we have here is that the voltage collapses during high current draw. We need to find a way to keep the lipo charger from drawing too much current, and backing off when the voltage starts to droop.
-The bq24074 is designed to handle this sort of situation, calls it Input Dynamic Power Managemtn Mode (Input DPM) and basically, it does precisely what we want. When the input drops below 4.5V approximately, the charger will back off and will automatically increase/reduce the charge rate to keep the voltage higher than 4.5V! this charger is dynamically stable and does not need an optional capacitor to keep solar charging from oscillating. (12)
 ===2.2 schematic (osama)===
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:schematicbirdhouse.jpg?nolink&1800|}}
-made with KiCad
+Fig 8. System schematic made with KiCad
 ====3.0 Results (osama)====
@@ Line 138: / Line 118: @@
 ===3.1 Arduino IDE C++ code(Osama)===
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborumLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
+This code is adapted from Random Nerd Tutorials: (13)
-(13)
 <code>
@@ Line 275: / Line 254: @@
 </code>
-===3.2 Python script to transfer photos (Osama)===
-(14)
 The initial expriment ran for 1 week and did not attract any birds in fact, therefore a better location was chosen: GFL garden
@@ Line 286: / Line 263: @@
 The system should be optimized to consume the least power possible. This can be achieved by programming the ESP32-CAM to switch to several sleep modes, such as in the table:
 as noted from the table, wireless communication requires a lot of power
@@ Line 295: / Line 271: @@
 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:screenshot_2220_.png?nolink&600|}}
 Battery run time
+by using a tool to calculate how long the provided battery can provide power to the whole system, all while being charged by a 6V 1A solar panel
-by using a tool to calculate how long the provided battery can provide power to the whole system, all while being charged by a 6V 0.8A solar panel
 This can also be estimated manually:
@@ Line 306: / Line 280: @@
 Generally, if a 5V battery has a 1 Ah capacity (or 1000 mAh), then it theoretically powers a 1 A consumer for 1 h based on the formula:
-Charge capacity = discharge time x charge consumption and the power formula P = V x I,
+Charge capacity = discharge time x charge consumption + the power formula P = V x I,
-If 2000 mAh battery runs to discharge into a system that consumes ~10 microamperes per second, and triggers 10 times day, each trigger consumes an average of 220 milliamperes for 6 seconds:
+If 2000 mAh battery discharges into a system that consumes ~10 microamperes, and triggers 10 times day, each trigger consumes an average of 220 milliamperes for 6 seconds:
+milli amperes x 6 seconds x 10 times a day = 13,200 mcoloumb or 13.2 columbs in a day when the system is triggered (this is of course increased if wireless communication is activated to send data to a server, for example.
-milli amperes x 6 x 10 = 13,200 mA or 13.2 Amperes when the system is triggered (this is of course increased if wireless communication is activated to send data to a server, for example.
 There are 86,400 seconds in a day, 60 of them are considered for operation = 86,340 seconds, multiplied by 10 microamperes = 863.4 milliamperes or 0.8634 amperes
 average daily current discharge = 13.2 + 0.8634 = 14 amperes
 average daily power consumption = battery operating voltage x average daily current consumption = 4.2 v x 14 = 58.8
 to fully discharge a 2 Ah LiPo battery, assuming it is not charged with a solar panel, find the time t = battery capacity/average current consumption = 2 A x 3600 / 14A = 514.2 h or 21.4 days
+For a more optimal design, some tips:
 In this case, birdfood is placed outside in front of the birdhouse, and the camera is placed facing the outside. Ensure that the PIR sensor is protected one way or another, since it is imperative for monitoring purposes
@@ Line 332: / Line 304: @@
 temperature and humidity sensors can also be added on to the system, which can highlight behaviors and preferred conditions for certain avian species
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
+===3.2 Python script to transfer photos (Osama)===
+(14)
 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:nppk2.jpg?nolink&400|}}
@@ Line 338: / Line 311: @@
 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:cameraposition.jpeg?nolink&150|}}
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 ====5.0 Conclusion (Ismail)====