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--- amc:ss2023:group-a:start [2023/07/25 20:28] – osama-haiyl-attallah.attallah
+++ amc:ss2023:group-a:start [2023/07/26 01:23] (current) – [2.0 Materials and Methods] ismail.santina-jarkass
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
-==Quantitaive methods of biodiversity determination== (Ismail)
+**Quantitaive methods of biodiversity determination** (Ismail)
 To describe species diversity in natural communities, ecologists categorize several indices which based on what they measure and what they represent. No specific weights are assigned to species, except for abundances (and for biomass in some indices). The same holds for the individuals within a species. Species richness measures of biodiversity by counting the number of different species in a given area. This measure is strongly dependent on sampling size and effort, but does not depend on each species weight in the sample pool. Richness-Evenness (or Richess-Abundance) indices measure in a way similar to the information theory concerning a code or message; by accounting for the weight of each species in the sample pool. A prime example of this is the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, expressed as such:
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 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:resistor_transistor.jpg?nolink&600|}}
 Fig 6. 1K, 10K resistors and 2N2222A NPN Transistor
-The transistor here acts as a switch,
+The transistor here acts as a switch (10)
-(10)
 ==2.1.6 Battery + charge regulator (henry)==
-Lithium-ion polymer batteries are thin, light, and powerful with an output range of 4.2V to 3.7V and a capacity of 2000mAh. The battery comes with a pre-attached genuine 2-pin JST-PH connector preventing snags, smooth insertion, and removal, as well as built-in protection circuitry to prevent overcharging, overuse, and protect against output shorts. (11)
+Lithium-ion polymer batteries are thin, light, and powerful with an output range of 3.7V to 4.2V and a capacity of 2000mAh. The battery comes with a pre-attached genuine 2-pin JST-PH connector preventing snags, smooth insertion, and removal, as well as built-in protection circuitry to prevent overcharging, overuse, and protect against output shorts. (11)
-The Adafruit Universal USB/DC/Solar Lithium Ion/Polymer Charger is a multifunctional charging device designed to efficiently and reliably charge lithium-ion/polymer batteries using USB, DC power sources, or solar panels, catering to a wide range of portable and renewable energy applications. It includes status indicators and protection features like overcharging and reverse polarity protection, ensuring safe and efficient charging for the battery and connected devices.
-Adafruit LiPo charger:
+The Adafruit Universal USB/DC/Solar Lithium Ion/Polymer Charger, shown in Fig 7. is a multifunctional charging device designed to efficiently and reliably charge lithium-ion/polymer batteries using USB, DC power sources, or solar panels, catering to a wide range of portable and renewable energy applications. It includes status indicators and protection features like overcharging and reverse polarity protection, ensuring safe and efficient charging for the battery and connected devices. Functions with 3.7V/4.2V LiIon batteries, and a 6V solar panel (2.1 mm DC Jack)
-This charger is a breeze to use for solar projects: pick up any of our many 3.7V/4.2V LiIon batteries, and a 6V solar panel. Plug the battery into the BATT port using a 2-pin JST cable and the solar panel into the DC jack using a 2.1mm adapter cable Put the solar panel outside (and keep the battery out of the sun, it needs to be kept cool!) to start charging. You can power another project at the same time by connecting to the LOAD output port, which will never go above 4.4V.
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:battery_charger.jpg?nolink&700|}}
-Fig 7. Battery + Charger
+Fig 7. Battery + LiPo Charger
-The bq24074 which powers this design is great for solar charging, and will automatically draw the most current possible from the panel in any light condition Even thought it isn't a 'true' MPPT (max power point tracker), it has near-identical performance without the additional cost of a buck-converter. Our detailed tutorial on how to use this charger includes a design document explaining how it all works.
+The bq24074 which powers this design is great for solar charging, and will automatically draw the most current possible from the panel in any light condition with a near-MPPT characteristic
-Maximum Power Point Tracking is a family of control algorithms that aims at optimizing the use of a power source that possesses a fluctuating power profile.
+Maximum Power Point Tracking is a family of control algorithms that aims at optimizing the use of a power source that possesses a fluctuating power profile. The cloud coverage significantly impacts the capability of a panel to deliver electricity. As such, maximizing the extracted power requires identifying – and tracking – the operating point that provides the highest power level as a function of the operating conditions. MPPT is applied in renewable energy systems. Other special operating points may be interesting to track, such as the maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT), reasons related to operating costs. The inevitable internal resistance can hinder the maximum possible output power. Since the maximum power point is not located at the maximum (Voc) voltage and max. Isc current point. Therefore, the operating point that delivers the maximum power must be constantly tracked by searching for the best voltage · current combination. Voltage collapses during high current draw. We need to find a way to keep the lipo charger from drawing too much current, and backing off when the voltage starts to drop. The bq24074 is equipped with an Input Dynamic Power Managemtn Mode (Input DPM) and basically, when the input drops below 4.5V approximately, the charger will automatically increase/reduce the charge rate to keep the voltage higher than 4.5V. This charger is dynamically stable and does not need an optional capacitor to keep solar charging from oscillating.
-Indeed, some power sources, like solar panels, present power characteristics that strongly depend on the operating conditions. For instance, the cloud coverage significantly impacts the capability of a panel to deliver electricity. As such, maximizing the extracted power requires identifying – and tracking – the operating point that provides the highest power level as a function of the operating conditions.
+The charger has 2 LEDS:
-Therefore, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is often applied in renewable energy systems – e.g. photovoltaic plants or wind turbines – as their power delivery capability varies significantly and in an unpredictable manner. Other special operating points may be interesting to track, such as the maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT), or other optimum, e.g. related to operating costs.
-For practically all real power sources, the power that can be extracted varies with the operating point. While electrical sources are related to the voltage/current pair, the same principle also applies to force/speed, flux/surface, etc.
-In all cases, the inevitable internal resistance (or equivalent quantity) limits the maximum possible output power. Non-linear or more complex characteristics also exist, but with the same result: the maximum power point is not located at the [max. voltage · max. current] point (or equivalent quantity). Therefore, the operating point that delivers the maximum power must be constantly tracked by searching for the best voltage · current combination.
 OUT - Regulated load output. This pin will provide a regulated output when the input voltage is below the over voltage protection threshold and above the regulation voltage. It will never be higher than 4.4V (but it may dip down to 3V or whatever the LiPo battery voltage is at, if USB/DC isnt plugged in)
 PGOOD - Power Good Status (active low). PGOOD pulls to GND (open drain) lighting the connected led when a valid input source is connected. If the input power source is not within specified limits, PGOOD is disconnected from ground (high impedance) and the LED will be off.
-CHG - Charge status (active low) pulls to GND (open drain) lighting the connected led when the battery is charging. If the battery is charged or the charger is disabled, CHG is disconnected from ground (high impedance) and the LED will be off.
+CHG - Charge status (active low) pulls to GND (open drain) lighting the connected led when the battery is charging. If the battery is charged or the charger is disabled, CHG is disconnected from ground (high impedance) and the LED will be off. (12)
-OK so how do we fix this problem? The issue we have here is that the voltage collapses during high current draw. We need to find a way to keep the lipo charger from drawing too much current, and backing off when the voltage starts to droop.
-The bq24074 is designed to handle this sort of situation, calls it Input Dynamic Power Managemtn Mode (Input DPM) and basically, it does precisely what we want. When the input drops below 4.5V approximately, the charger will back off and will automatically increase/reduce the charge rate to keep the voltage higher than 4.5V! this charger is dynamically stable and does not need an optional capacitor to keep solar charging from oscillating. (12)
 ===2.2 schematic (osama)===
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:schematicbirdhouse.jpg?nolink&1800|}}
-made with KiCad
+Fig 8. System schematic made with KiCad
 ====3.0 Results (osama)====
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 ===3.1 Arduino IDE C++ code(Osama)===
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborumLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
+This code is adapted from Random Nerd Tutorials: (13)
-(13)
 <code>
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 The system should be optimized to consume the least power possible. This can be achieved by programming the ESP32-CAM to switch to several sleep modes, such as in the table:
 as noted from the table, wireless communication requires a lot of power
@@ Line 286: / Line 271: @@
 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:screenshot_2220_.png?nolink&600|}}
 Battery run time
+by using a tool to calculate how long the provided battery can provide power to the whole system, all while being charged by a 6V 1A solar panel
-by using a tool to calculate how long the provided battery can provide power to the whole system, all while being charged by a 6V 0.8A solar panel
 This can also be estimated manually:
@@ Line 297: / Line 280: @@
 Generally, if a 5V battery has a 1 Ah capacity (or 1000 mAh), then it theoretically powers a 1 A consumer for 1 h based on the formula:
-Charge capacity = discharge time x charge consumption and the power formula P = V x I,
+Charge capacity = discharge time x charge consumption + the power formula P = V x I,
-If 2000 mAh battery runs to discharge into a system that consumes ~10 microamperes per second, and triggers 10 times day, each trigger consumes an average of 220 milliamperes for 6 seconds:
+If 2000 mAh battery discharges into a system that consumes ~10 microamperes, and triggers 10 times day, each trigger consumes an average of 220 milliamperes for 6 seconds:
+milli amperes x 6 seconds x 10 times a day = 13,200 mcoloumb or 13.2 columbs in a day when the system is triggered (this is of course increased if wireless communication is activated to send data to a server, for example.
-milli amperes x 6 x 10 = 13,200 mA or 13.2 Amperes when the system is triggered (this is of course increased if wireless communication is activated to send data to a server, for example.
 There are 86,400 seconds in a day, 60 of them are considered for operation = 86,340 seconds, multiplied by 10 microamperes = 863.4 milliamperes or 0.8634 amperes
 average daily current discharge = 13.2 + 0.8634 = 14 amperes
 average daily power consumption = battery operating voltage x average daily current consumption = 4.2 v x 14 = 58.8
 to fully discharge a 2 Ah LiPo battery, assuming it is not charged with a solar panel, find the time t = battery capacity/average current consumption = 2 A x 3600 / 14A = 514.2 h or 21.4 days
+For a more optimal design, some tips:
 In this case, birdfood is placed outside in front of the birdhouse, and the camera is placed facing the outside. Ensure that the PIR sensor is protected one way or another, since it is imperative for monitoring purposes
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 ===3.2 Python script to transfer photos (Osama)===
 (14)
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:nppk2.jpg?nolink&400|}}