amc2021:groupd:start
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| amc2021:groupd:start [2021/09/06 11:11] – munashe001 | amc2021:groupd:start [2023/01/05 14:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1 | ||
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| - | ====== SOIL MOISTURE | + | ====== SOIL MOISTURE |
| ==== Group D: Munashe Chabvuta(24603) ==== | ==== Group D: Munashe Chabvuta(24603) ==== | ||
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| ==== 1. Introduction ==== | ==== 1. Introduction ==== | ||
| - | Soil Moisture refers to the amount of water contained or held within the soils. It plays a crucial role in plant development and performance, | + | Soil Moisture refers to the amount of water contained or held within the soils. It plays a crucial role in plant development and performance, |
| - | Soil moisture is major variable in plant functions. It acts as a solvent where nutrients and minerals are broken down for easy absorption via plant roots. It provides turgidity which gives the plant true stability, positioning and further controls the exchange of heat energy and water between the land surface and the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. Furthermore soil moisture plays a crucial role in the development of weather patterns and the formation of precipitation. As the climate and weather patterns change, moisture availability is becoming more variable affecting plant functions. As a result soil moisture data can be taken into consideration for reservoir management, early warning of droughts, irrigation scheduling and crop yield forecasting. | + | Soil moisture is major variable in plant functions. It acts as a solvent where nutrients and minerals are broken down for easy absorption via plant roots. It provides turgidity which gives the plant true stability, positioning and further controls the exchange of heat energy and water between the land surface and the atmosphere through evapotranspiration. Furthermore soil moisture plays a crucial role in the development of weather patterns and the formation of precipitation. As the climate and weather patterns change, moisture availability is becoming more variable affecting plant functions. As a result soil moisture data can be taken into consideration for reservoir management, early warning of droughts, irrigation scheduling and crop yield forecasting.[[https:// |
| - | With the importance of soil moisture data at hand, the main aim of the Arduino based project is to monitor moisture availability in a regular house plant in real time over the internet of things through the use of microcontrollers and software. The system has to maintain the moisture content of the soil between the values of 40% and 60% which is the optimum moisture of functionality of the plant under investigation. When the moisture content is below 40% the system has to increase the moisture content by turning on the pump and a fulfilling the moisture requirements of the plant. Once the moisture percentage reaches a value of 60% the water pump switches off. The whole Arduino Based system is brought to life by the following materials and methods. | + | With the importance of soil moisture data at hand, the main aim of the Arduino based project is to monitor moisture availability in a regular house plant in real time over the internet of things through the use of microcontrollers and software. The system has to maintain the moisture content of the soil between the values of 40% and 60% which is the optimum moisture of functionality of the plant under investigation. When the moisture content is below 40% the system has to increase the moisture content by turning on the pump and a fulfilling the moisture requirements of the plant. Once the moisture percentage reaches a value of 60% the water pump switches off. The whole Arduino Based system is brought to life by the following materials and methods. |
| + | |||
| + | {{: | ||
| + | Fig.1 Showing the physical set up of the system | ||
| ==== 2. Materials and Methods ==== | ==== 2. Materials and Methods ==== | ||
| - | • ESP32 Wrover-B | + | • ESP32 Wrover-B |
| - | • Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor | + | • Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor |
| • 5V water submersible pump | • 5V water submersible pump | ||
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| {{: | {{: | ||
| - | Fig.1: The ESP32 WROVER-B MODULE | + | Fig.2: The ESP32 WROVER-B MODULE |
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| ==== 2.2 Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor==== | ==== 2.2 Capacitive Soil Moisture Sensor==== | ||
| - | A capacitive moisture sensor has the ability to measure the change in capacitance which is contributed by the changes in the dielectric created between the soil and water. The sensor rather measures the ions that are dissolved in the moisture and does not take into account the measurement of moisture directly. Furthermore, | + | A capacitive moisture sensor has the ability to measure the change in capacitance which is contributed by the changes in the dielectric created between the soil and water. The sensor rather measures the ions that are dissolved in the moisture and does not take into account the measurement of moisture directly. Furthermore, |
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| + | Dry air Value = 3455 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Water air Value = 1625 | ||
| {{: | {{: | ||
| - | Fig2.[[https:// | + | Fig.3:[[https:// |
| ==== 2.3 Transistor 2N2222 ==== | ==== 2.3 Transistor 2N2222 ==== | ||
| - | It is a Negative-Positive-Negative(NPN) bipolar junction transistor that makes use of both electrons and electron holes as charge carriers. It permits a trivial current administered at one of its terminals to control a much larger current flowing between the the two terminals resulting in the switching of the 5V submersible pump used in the project. The transistor consists of three pins which have different purposes and connections to deliver its intended use. These pin are referred to as the collector, base and emitter. | + | It is a Negative-Positive-Negative(NPN) bipolar junction transistor that makes use of both electrons and electron holes as charge carriers. It permits a trivial current administered at one of its terminals to control a much larger current flowing between the the two terminals resulting in the switching of the 5V submersible pump used in the project. The transistor consists of three pins which have different purposes and connections to deliver its intended use. These pin are referred to as the collector, base and emitter.[[http:// |
| - | • Collector: | + | • Collector: |
| • Base: this is the trigger pin which is connected to the ESP32-WROVER-B Module and which will be used as an output pin. | • Base: this is the trigger pin which is connected to the ESP32-WROVER-B Module and which will be used as an output pin. | ||
| - | • Emitter: | + | • Emitter: |
| {{: | {{: | ||
| - | [[https:// | + | [[https:// |
| ==== 2.4 IoT (Internet of Things) ==== | ==== 2.4 IoT (Internet of Things) ==== | ||
| - | It refers to a network of devices know as " | + | It refers to a network of devices know as " |
| ==== 2.5 Connections Overview of Hardware ==== | ==== 2.5 Connections Overview of Hardware ==== | ||
| {{: | {{: | ||
| - | Fig4: Shows the Hardware connections, The components used in the diagram are for illustration. | + | Fig.5: Shows the Hardware connections |
| The above diagram was produced in fritzing and shows how the soil moisture sensor, the 5V water pump and the ESP32 Module, are connected and to which pins. | The above diagram was produced in fritzing and shows how the soil moisture sensor, the 5V water pump and the ESP32 Module, are connected and to which pins. | ||
| The capacitive soil moisture sensor consist of three pins, the GND, VCC and the Analogue pin. The Ground and VCC are connected to the ground and 5V of the ESP32 module respectively via the breadboard. The third pin of the sensor is connected to GPIO 39 of the microcontroller. The pump consist of two pins where one leg is connected to 5V of the microcontroller and the other leg is connected to the collector of the transistor . The base pin of the transistor is connected to GPIO32 of the microcontroller, | The capacitive soil moisture sensor consist of three pins, the GND, VCC and the Analogue pin. The Ground and VCC are connected to the ground and 5V of the ESP32 module respectively via the breadboard. The third pin of the sensor is connected to GPIO 39 of the microcontroller. The pump consist of two pins where one leg is connected to 5V of the microcontroller and the other leg is connected to the collector of the transistor . The base pin of the transistor is connected to GPIO32 of the microcontroller, | ||
| - | The Overview of the experiment set up can further be supported by by the following schematic | + | The Overview of the experiment set up can further be supported by by the following schematic |
| {{: | {{: | ||
| - | Fig5: Schematic between the ESP32 & Module parts. | + | Fig.6: Schematic between the ESP32 & Module parts. |
| ===== 3.Results ===== | ===== 3.Results ===== | ||
| - | This section exhibits the final code which drives the whole soil moisture monitoring system after dry running the individual module codes for a better understanding. | + | This section exhibits the final code which drives the whole soil moisture monitoring system after dry running the individual module codes for a better understanding. |
| + | |||
| ==== 3.1 Code ==== | ==== 3.1 Code ==== | ||
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| // WiFi for esp32 - Version: Latest | // WiFi for esp32 - Version: Latest | ||
| - | #include < | + | |
| #include < | #include < | ||
| - | #include < | ||
| #include < | #include < | ||
| - | #include < | ||
| - | #include < | ||
| - | #include < | ||
| - | #include < | ||
| - | #include < | ||
| - | #include < | ||
| - | #include < | ||
| - | |||
| - | |||
| - | #include < | ||
| String api_key = " | String api_key = " | ||
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| - | WiFiClient client; // Intialiazation | + | WiFiClient client; // Initialization |
| - | int analogPin = 39; | + | int analogPin = 39;// soil moisture sensor connected on pin 39 |
| int moisture; | int moisture; | ||
| int moisture_percentage; | int moisture_percentage; | ||
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| int map_low = 3455; // This is the dry air value of the moisture sensor | int map_low = 3455; // This is the dry air value of the moisture sensor | ||
| int map_high = 1625;// this the water value of the moisture sensor | int map_high = 1625;// this the water value of the moisture sensor | ||
| - | int water_pump = 32; | + | int water_pump = 32;// Water pump connected on Pin 32 |
| void setup() | void setup() | ||
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| - | | + | |
| - | | + | |
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| } | } | ||
| Serial.println("" | Serial.println("" | ||
| - | Serial.println(" | + | Serial.println(" |
| } | } | ||
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| | | ||
| digitalWrite(water_pump, | digitalWrite(water_pump, | ||
| - | delay(5000); | + | delay(1000); |
| } | } | ||
| | | ||
| | | ||
| - | | + | |
| } | } | ||
| | | ||
| - | if (client.connect(server, | + | if (client.connect(server, |
| { | { | ||
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| - | ==== 3.2 Overview | + | ==== 3.2 Overview of Code ==== |
| - | Below is an explanation | + | Below is an overview |
| - | • As the main aim of the project suggest, real time soil moisture monitoring system provides the analysis of moisture data over the internet of things. The ESP32- Wrover B module was used as the backbone of the whole operation. To enable the ESP32 to establish a communication channel with the Internet of Things certain libraries such as the Wi-Fi library had to be included which is shown in the code as "# Include < | + | As the main aim of the project suggest, real time soil moisture monitoring system provides the analysis of moisture data over the internet of things. The ESP32- Wrover B module was used as the backbone of the whole operation. To enable the ESP32 to establish a communication channel with the Internet of Things certain libraries such as the Wi-Fi library had to be included which is shown in the code as "# Include < |
| - | + | ||
| - | + | ||
| - | • The | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | • The ESP32 can measure varying voltages between 0V and 3,3V. The voltage measured is then assigned to values between 0 and 4095. 0V corresponds to 0 and 3,3 V to 4095. With the capacitive soil moisture sensor connected to GPIO 39 of the ESP32, it measured the dry air of which it was assigned the value 3455 which became the lower limit of the measurement. Further more the water value of the moisture sensor was assigned the value 1625 which became the upper limit of the measurement. A map function was implemented in the code to map the analogue values obtained from the moisture sensor to a percentage for easier visualization in the thingspeak channel. This allows us to map the percentage of soil moisture which is responsible for switching the pump on and off when the conditions are met. | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | • The WIFI Client | + | |
| - | + | ||
| - | • Once this is established | + | |
| ==== 3.3 Results From Things Speak ==== | ==== 3.3 Results From Things Speak ==== | ||
| {{: | {{: | ||
| - | Fig.6 Shows a graph from ThingSpeak streaming channel | + | Fig.7: Shows a graph from ThingSpeak streaming channel |
| - | Fig.6 Was obtained from a mobile phone view and it shows a better visual presentation than the graph in Fig.6. It shows soil moisture percentages taken between 16:02 and 16:27 with a 5 min interval within the specified time period. The moisture percentage was quite high with an average value of 80%.The starting value was already high meaning | + | Fig.7 reveals |
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| {{: | {{: | ||
| - | Fig.7 above shows a View obtained from a mobile phone. | + | Fig.8 above shows a View obtained from a mobile phone. |
| + | The above figure shows earlier moisture percentage of the point of measurement | ||
| + | ==== 4. Discussion And Conclusion ==== | ||
| + | From the results it is clear that the soil surroundings of a plant can differ in the soil moisture content of that particular point of measurement. As a result a single plant can have various moisture levels across its surrounding soil profile. This can be a a result of different physical factors of the surroundings of that particular plant and what it is generally exposed to. In particular to the plant under investigation factors such as temperature and soil characteristics were in play. The plant was subjected to indoor temperatures ranging from 21 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius which resulted in less soil moisture evaporation in other parts of the plant as compared to the plant being exposed to direct solar radiation, hence maintaining a high soil moisture content on the point of measurement. This can not be the case for every point of measurement although it is subjected to the same environmental parameters and conditions. | ||
| + | To conclude, the main aim of the investigation was not achieved ceteris paribus, the monitoring revealed more parameters to take into account when measuring the soil moisture content of a given environment. We can take into account the location of the plant, the soil characteristics and the type of weather conditions subjected to the plant . It was quite challenging to maintain the moisture levels at optimum soil moisture levels between 41% to 60 %, as a result the plant maintained its moisture level at approximately 80% which can put the plant under stress, which can cut the air supply to roots and to microorganisms resulting in roots rotting and leading to plant disease. It is important to take into account the amount of water being supplied to the plant to maintain a healthy living plant. | ||
| - | ==== 4. Discussion and Improvements ==== | + | ==== 5. Video Presentation |
| - | ==== 5. Reference | + | |
| + | {{ : | ||
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