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amc2021:groupl:report:start [2021/09/06 16:37] – [Air] kshama001amc2021:groupl:report:start [2023/01/05 14:38] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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-The German Environment Agency (UBA) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) reported that tens of thousands of people die because of high air pollution of early deaths and Year of Life Lost due to premature mortality. Because of its coal mining industry, North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) has a long history of air pollution. Additionally, with its high population density of 1,170 inhabitants per square kilometer, NRW state corresponds to one of the dentist areas and, therefore, one of Germany's highest traffic areas. The NO<sub>2</sub> emissions exceed limiting values in several cities in NRW (L. Petry et al., 2020).\\+The German Environment Agency (UBA) and the European Environment Agency (EEA) reported that tens of thousands of people die because of high air pollution of early deaths and Year of Life Lost due to premature mortality. Because of its coal mining industry, North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) has a long history of air pollution. Additionally, with its high population density of 1,170 inhabitants per square kilometer, NRW state corresponds to one of the densest areas and, therefore, one of Germany's highest traffic areas. (L. Petry et al., 2020).\\
 Air quality is essential when deciding where to live and pursue a life with good living standards. In particular, serious health issues are caused by air pollution, such as neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. Noise coming mainly from dense traffic, industrial and construction activities can cause a significant impact on people's health. Kamp-Lintfort is a university town in NRW with a large community of academics and students. It is crucial as part of the scientific community to monitor the living quality in Kamp-Lintfort, particularly in residential areas. Low air quality levels or high levels of noise could affect students' brain functionality and performance at the university.\\ Air quality is essential when deciding where to live and pursue a life with good living standards. In particular, serious health issues are caused by air pollution, such as neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. Noise coming mainly from dense traffic, industrial and construction activities can cause a significant impact on people's health. Kamp-Lintfort is a university town in NRW with a large community of academics and students. It is crucial as part of the scientific community to monitor the living quality in Kamp-Lintfort, particularly in residential areas. Low air quality levels or high levels of noise could affect students' brain functionality and performance at the university.\\
 This project aims to measure mainly the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and the sound intensity in three different locations in Kamp-Lintfort. The first one is Meisenweg, the second one is Moerserstraße, and the third one is Kamperdickstraße. Assumably, the three areas are selected in a way that would give one extreme case with high concentrations of the chosen toxic gas and high noise level, the second with medium levels, and the third with low ones. For that purpose, two different sensors are utilized and a microcontroller to read the resultant values and communicate data, hence drawing out well-derived conclusions.\\ This project aims to measure mainly the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and the sound intensity in three different locations in Kamp-Lintfort. The first one is Meisenweg, the second one is Moerserstraße, and the third one is Kamperdickstraße. Assumably, the three areas are selected in a way that would give one extreme case with high concentrations of the chosen toxic gas and high noise level, the second with medium levels, and the third with low ones. For that purpose, two different sensors are utilized and a microcontroller to read the resultant values and communicate data, hence drawing out well-derived conclusions.\\
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-==== Code ====+===== Code =====
  
 ===Sound=== ===Sound===
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 Figure 7 shows an example of the Serial Plotter output for the Vacuum cleaner case as a source of continuous sound and detected by the digital sensor LM393.\\ Figure 7 shows an example of the Serial Plotter output for the Vacuum cleaner case as a source of continuous sound and detected by the digital sensor LM393.\\
-Finally, to obtain a reasonable calibration of our sound sensor, we use an application called "Schall" from the Google play store to relate raw readings from the sensor to a decibel unit of sound intensity.\\+Finally, to obtain a reasonable calibration of our sound sensor, we use an application called "[[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.gamebasic.decibel&hl=de&gl=US|Schall]]" from the Google play store to relate raw readings from the sensor to a decibel unit of sound intensity.\\
  
 {{ :amc2021:report:8.png?600 |}} {{ :amc2021:report:8.png?600 |}}
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 === Air === === Air ===
- +  
-For air quality detections, carbon Dioxide gas concentration was mainly measured using the MQ-135 sensor. The sensor's output pin was connected to the A0 pin of the microcontroller(the analog values will be fed via this pin). The voltage output of the sensor is connected to the 5V pin of the microcontroller via the breadboard. To complete the circuit, the MQ-135 ground pin is connected to a 10kΩ resistor(RLOAD), which is connected to the microcontroller ground pin.  +For air quality detections, carbon dioxide gas concentration was mainly measured using the MQ-135 sensor. The sensor's output pin was connected to the A0 pin of the microcontroller(the analog values were be fed via this pin). The voltage output of the sensor is connected to the 5V pin of the microcontroller via the breadboard. To complete the circuit, the MQ-135 ground pin was connected to a 10kΩ resistor(RLOAD), which was connected to the microcontroller ground pin.  
- +  
-As an output device, an LED bulb and an LCD screen are connected. To glow when the CO<sub>2</sub> ppm crosses a threshold value and displays the ppm values, respectively. +As the output device, an LED bulb and an LCD screen are connected to the microcontroller. To glow when the CO<sub>2</sub> ppm crosses a threshold value and displays the ppm values, respectively. 
- +  
-The MQ-135 sensor, detects the air quality and does not differentiate between the types of gases in the air. So to be able to detect CO<sub>2</sub> specifically, we need to find the parameters for CO2 from the calibration graph as shown in figure  +The MQ-135 sensor detects the air quality and does not differentiate between the types of gases in the air. So to be able to detect CO<sub>2</sub> specifically, we need to find the parameters for CO2 from the calibration graph as shown in figure 8.  
- +  
 + 
 {{ :amc2021:groupl:report:20.png?400 |}}\\ {{ :amc2021:groupl:report:20.png?400 |}}\\
 //Figure 8: Calibaration graph for Mq-135// //Figure 8: Calibaration graph for Mq-135//
- +  
-We can conclude from this graph and several other reports that the a and b values for CO2 are 116.6 and 2.76, respectively. The graph is basically the resistor ratio vs. the ppm value. This is used since the Mq-135 does not give us the ppm value directly. Resistor ratio = Rzero/Rload. Explained further here(add a link to code mq135- need to check this). With this, we come to the next important parameter that is the Rzero, this property changes for each resistor. And for this value to stabilize, the MQ-135 needs to be heated up for some time. A different code was used to get the Rzero before performing further tests. After which, the Rzero value is updated in the MQ135.h library. was used to get the Rzero, before performing further tests. After which the Rzero value is updated in the MQ135.h library. +We can conclude from this graph and several other reports that the parameters //a// and //b//  values for CO<sub>2</sub> are 116.6 and 2.76, respectively. The graph is basically the resistor ratio vs. the ppm value. This ratio is  used since the MQ-135 does not give us the ppm value directly.  Resistor ratio = Rzero/Rload. With this, we come to the next important parameter that is the Rzero, is the resistance of the sensor in the presence of clean air, i.e. in 400ppm of  CO<sub>2</sub>. This property changes for each resistor. A separate code was used to obtain the [[amc2021:groupl:extras:r0:start|Rzero]] value, with the help of the MQ135.h library. And for this value to stabilize, the MQ-135 needs to be heated up for some time. After which, the Rzero value was updated in the MQ135.h library. Knowing these variables, the ppm of CO<sub>2</sub> was obtained from the sensor. Detailed information of which is given in the below hyperlinks.
  
 A detailed explanation of the code can be found as a video tutorial here = [[amc2021:groupl:video:start|Video Tutorial]]  A detailed explanation of the code can be found as a video tutorial here = [[amc2021:groupl:video:start|Video Tutorial]] 
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 ==== Additional Libraries required ==== ==== Additional Libraries required ====
  
- + 
-  * The open-source Arduino Software (IDE 1.8.15) is used to write the code, upload it to the Arduino board and run it. +
   * The [[amc2021:groupl:extras:mq-135:start|MQ135.h]] library is uploaded to the code using the Library Manager Tool to communicate with the MQ135 air quality sensor.   * The [[amc2021:groupl:extras:mq-135:start|MQ135.h]] library is uploaded to the code using the Library Manager Tool to communicate with the MQ135 air quality sensor.
   * LiquidCrystal_I2C library is uploaded to communicate with the LCD screen.   * LiquidCrystal_I2C library is uploaded to communicate with the LCD screen.
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   * **Using the LM393 Sound Sensor**:     * **Using the LM393 Sound Sensor**:  
  
-The values were fed into the [[amc2021:groupl:code:sound_detection|main]] code.The measurement of sound intensity spiked up to 53 dB when sound of some bullets was heard. Nevertheless, the sound intensity value is still within the safe range, i.e., below 90 dB.+The values were fed into the [[amc2021:groupl:code:sound_detection|main]] code.The measurement of sound intensity spiked up to 53 dB when sound of some bullets(cruiser bikes) was heard. Nevertheless, the sound intensity value is still within the safe range, i.e., below 90 dB.
  
 {{ :amc2021:groupl:report:whatsapp_image_2021-09-04_at_16.12.49.jpeg?400 |}} {{ :amc2021:groupl:report:whatsapp_image_2021-09-04_at_16.12.49.jpeg?400 |}}
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 ===== 6. Discussion and Conclusion ===== ===== 6. Discussion and Conclusion =====
  
-The LM393 sensor narrowly detected enough noise or not in a minimal range at one particular moment. Since it had only digital outputs (zeros or ones), selecting a specific sample time interval and collecting the digital results over that period helped obtain numerical readings to compare them between the three different locations. Additionally, to acquire a legitimate unit out of those raw readings, the application “Schall” calibration was a very decent option to do so and receive roughly the sound intensity values in a decibel unit.\\+The LM393 sensor narrowly detected enough noise in a minimal range at one particular moment. Since it had only digital outputs (zeros or ones), selecting a specific sample time interval and collecting the digital results over that period helped obtain numerical readings to compare them between the three different locations. Additionally, to acquire a legitimate unit out of those raw readings, the application “Schall” calibration was a very decent option to do so and receive roughly the sound intensity values in a decibel unit.\\
 Considering the precision limitation, both Meisenweg and Kamperdickstraße showed the lowest sound intensity levels with only 30 dB detected over the time interval. Moerserstraße came second with around 54 dB sound intensity. However, all locations checked the criteria of having noise below the threshold value (90 dB), which means the three environments are suitable for the student's life.\\ Considering the precision limitation, both Meisenweg and Kamperdickstraße showed the lowest sound intensity levels with only 30 dB detected over the time interval. Moerserstraße came second with around 54 dB sound intensity. However, all locations checked the criteria of having noise below the threshold value (90 dB), which means the three environments are suitable for the student's life.\\
-The MQ135 sensor was able to produce analog values in the three locations, giving more valid values that continuously can vary over time. With the help of the MQ135 library, CO<sub>2</sub> gas was selected as a parameter and used for calibration in order to convert those analog signals to concentration values of the unit particles per million (ppm). Since the MQ135 sensor is more sensitive, the results could be more reliable than those generated by the LM393 sound sensor. Therefore, the comparison between the three measurements is well-justified. The air quality in Moerserstraße was the best with mean value of 401.98 CO<sub>2</sub> ppm, followed by the one in Kamperdickstraße with a mean value of 411.48 CO<sub>2</sub> ppm, and last is  With relatively higher CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the air corresponding to a mean value of 443.28 ppm.\\ +The MQ135 sensor was able to produce analog values in the three locations, giving more valid values that continuously can vary over time. With the help of the MQ135 library, CO<sub>2</sub> gas was selected as a parameter and used for calibration in order to convert those analog signals to concentration values of the unit particles per million (ppm). Since the MQ135 sensor is more sensitive, the results could be more reliable than those generated by the LM393 sound sensor. Therefore, the comparison between the three measurements is well-justified. The air quality in Moerserstraße was the best with a mean value of 401.98 CO<sub>2</sub> ppm, followed by the one in Kamperdickstraße with a mean value of 411.48 CO<sub>2</sub> ppm, and last is  With relatively higher CO<sub>2</sub> concentration in the air corresponding to a mean value of 443.28 ppm.\\ 
-For clearer comparison, we used [[amc2021:groupl:extras:python:start|Python]] to find out the ratio of the mean measurement to the standard clean air ppm was calculated for the three locations. The concentration of standard clean air is chosen to be 400 ppm.\\+For a clearer comparison, we used [[amc2021:groupl:extras:python:start|Python]] to find out the ratio of the mean measurement to the standard clean air ppm was calculated for the three locations. The concentration of standard clean air is chosen to be 400 ppm.\\
  
 Table 2: The mean measurement-to-standard clean air ratio at the three locations: Table 2: The mean measurement-to-standard clean air ratio at the three locations:
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 From table 2, the closest condition to the standard clean air condition is location 2, having the nearest value to 1, whereas the furthest would be location 1, having the furthest ratio from 1. Nevertheless, the variation was barely detectable, as the three locations showed good air quality under the threshold value set. Hence, those minor differences may be negligible when deciding on a place to live healthily with clean air quality.\\ From table 2, the closest condition to the standard clean air condition is location 2, having the nearest value to 1, whereas the furthest would be location 1, having the furthest ratio from 1. Nevertheless, the variation was barely detectable, as the three locations showed good air quality under the threshold value set. Hence, those minor differences may be negligible when deciding on a place to live healthily with clean air quality.\\
  
 +**Limitations to the experiment:**
 +
 +1. The sensor LM393 was not as sensitive to sounds as expected. An example is seen in location 2, albeit being the busiest street, the LM393 could only detect loud sounds like a truck's engine or a cruiser bike starting. A better sensor can be used in place of this to make a more accurate reading.
 +
 +2. CO<sub>2</sub> readings taken were justified given the location of the three places, where there were more green patches, a higher concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> was detected. The measurement was taken after sunset in location 1; therefore, reduced photosynthesis processes contributed to those higher CO<sub>2</sub> concentration levels. 
 +Nevertheless, to better assess the pollution levels, a different sensor could have been used to detect a more prominent pollutant, e.g., Carbon Monoxide or Nitrogen Dioxide. When this was tried with the MQ-135 sensor, the values received were strangely off the charts, making them unreliable.
 +
 +3. The MQ-135 needed to heat up for over 24 hours to get a stable value. Due to the time limitations of testing in three different locations, the time to heat up was not achieved. So only a few hours of heating up could possibly cause the sensor to get odd values.
 +
 +4. Test results should have been taken simultaneously to overcome the limitation of difference in temperature and humidity conditions.
  
  
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   -https://www.electronicoscaldas.com/datasheet/MQ-135_Hanwei.pdf   -https://www.electronicoscaldas.com/datasheet/MQ-135_Hanwei.pdf
   -https://microcontrollerslab.com/interfacing-mq-135-gas-sensor-arduino/   -https://microcontrollerslab.com/interfacing-mq-135-gas-sensor-arduino/
 +  -https://www.electronicshub.org/interfacing-sound-sensor-with-arduino/\\
 +  -https://components101.com/modules/lm393-sound-detection-sensor-module\\
 +  -https://5.imimg.com/data5/CY/QV/MY-1833510/sound-detection-sensor.pdf\\
 +  -https://core-electronics.com.au/tutorials/use-lcd-arduino-uno.html
 +  -http://www.handsontec.com/dataspecs/module/I2C_1602_LCD.pdf
 +  -https://arduino-tutorials.net/tutorial/drawing-sound-sensor-data-on-serial-plotter
 +  -https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.google.com/url?q%3Dhttps://www.electroniclinic.com/co2-concentration-co2-ppm-or-co2-levels-using-mq135-sensor-arduino/
 +  
 +  Back to [[amc2021:groupl:start|Main Page]]
  
  
- 
-(([[amc2021:groupl:start|Main Page]])) 
  
  
amc2021/groupl/report/start.1630939026.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/01/05 14:38 (external edit)