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--- amc:ss2023:group-a:start [2023/07/25 11:39] – [5.0 Conclusion (Ismail)] ismail.santina-jarkass
+++ amc:ss2023:group-a:start [2023/07/26 01:23] (current) – [2.0 Materials and Methods] ismail.santina-jarkass
@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
-====1.0 Introduction (henrydon)====
+====1.0 Introduction (Henrydon)====
-Due to massive urbanization efforts in cities and increasing demand for housing, industry and intensive agricultural approaches, there exists a need to compete for space against other species. The rise of unsustainable anthoropoligcal activity has been deemed a threat upon animal and plant populations, in addition to the disruption of food chains (particularly the declining insect populations that birds feed on to survive) which has put reportdly compromised the biodiversity of our ecosystems. According to NABU (Naturschutzbund), bird inhabitants and species diversity in Germany are at risk and steadily declining. Accordig to Fig. 1, the trend for forest, common and farmland bird species is shown. The number of forest birds remained almost stable between 1990 and 1993, then a declining trend was observed until 2009. Common and farmland avian species had a steadier trend of decreasing numbers. 15 percent of all bird breeding pairs in Germany disappeared between 1998 and 2009; in 12 years 12.7 million breeding pairs were lost. Even though this has not affected all bird groups and breeding pairs with the same magnitude, there still is a necessity for environmental scienticts and protection unions to intervene and monitor the biodiveristy of birds around urban areas and living species. Due to the advancement of technology in the past decades, in addition to expanded production of realtively inexpensive sensors, microprocessors etc., monitoring devices and systems have been revolutionzed and spread around vastly, which makes it easier to observe changes in the equilbirium of nature, and accelerate further research efforts that make amends through proper environmental management and aim to reverse the disturbance caused to nature's dynamics. The objective of this project is to design and test an environmental monitoring system to monitor avian species in Kamp-Lintfort.  (1)
+Due to massive urbanization efforts in cities and increasing demand for housing, industry and intensive agricultural approaches, there exists a need to compete for space against other species. The rise of unsustainable anthoropoligcal activity has been deemed a threat upon animal and plant populations, in addition to the disruption of food chains (particularly the declining insect populations that birds feed on to survive) which has put reportdly compromised the biodiversity of our ecosystems. (1) According to NABU (Naturschutzbund), bird inhabitants and species diversity in Germany are at risk and steadily declining. (2) Accordig to Fig. 1, the trend for forest, common and farmland bird species is shown. The number of forest birds remained almost stable between 1990 and 1993, then a declining trend was observed until 2009. Common and farmland avian species had a steadier trend of decreasing numbers. 15 percent of all bird breeding pairs in Germany disappeared between 1998 and 2009; in 12 years 12.7 million breeding pairs were lost. (3) Even though this has not affected all bird groups and breeding pairs with the same magnitude, there still is a necessity for environmental scienticts and protection unions to intervene and monitor the biodiveristy of birds around urban areas and living species. Due to the advancement of technology in the past decades, in addition to expanded production of realtively inexpensive sensors, microprocessors etc., monitoring devices and systems have been revolutionzed and spread around vastly, which makes it easier to observe changes in the equilbirium of nature, and accelerate further research efforts that make amends through proper environmental management and aim to reverse the disturbance caused to nature's dynamics. The objective of this project is to design and test an environmental monitoring system to monitor avian species in Kamp-Lintfort.
 {{:amc:ss2023:group-a:common_bird_indices.png?nolink&900|}}
-Fig 1
+Fig 1: EU common bird indices
 ====2.0 Materials and Methods====
-==Quantitaive methods of biodiversity determination==
+**Quantitaive methods of biodiversity determination** (Ismail)
 To describe species diversity in natural communities, ecologists categorize several indices which based on what they measure and what they represent. No specific weights are assigned to species, except for abundances (and for biomass in some indices). The same holds for the individuals within a species. Species richness measures of biodiversity by counting the number of different species in a given area. This measure is strongly dependent on sampling size and effort, but does not depend on each species weight in the sample pool. Richness-Evenness (or Richess-Abundance) indices measure in a way similar to the information theory concerning a code or message; by accounting for the weight of each species in the sample pool. A prime example of this is the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, expressed as such:
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ===H'= -∑pi x ln(pi)===
-It is calculated by first determining **pi**, which is the ratio of individual species' occurences to the total number of species' occurences,  Every pi is then multiplied with its natural logarithm and then summed up.
+It is calculated by first determining **pi**, which is the ratio of individual species' occurences to the total number of species' occurences,  Every pi is then multiplied with its natural logarithm and then summed up. (4)
 One shortcoming with the monitoring system is that it allows limited observation of the number of same-species i.e. it is difficult to notice repeated occurences of the same individual bird of a species (if, it visits the birdhouse more than once), and thus the sample size is cannot be precisley ascertained. This is explained in Table 1,  For the sake of this experiment, unless clearly visible (or controlled by file metadata and data logs to the server), individual occurences of a bird species will not be assumed to be recurring. Further, this means that the photos collected can indicate species richness, but cannot accurately give results for species evenness or their distribution in a sample area
@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
-==2.1.1 ESP32CAM + SD card (ismail)==
+==2.1.1 ESP32CAM + SD card (Ismail)==
-The ESP32-CAM is a compact and energy-efficient camera module built around ESP32. Equipped with the OV2640 camera, it boasts an onboard TF card slot. One of its standout features is the 4MB PSRAM, which efficiently stores camera images, enabling smooth video streaming and other processes without overwhelming the ESP32, thus allowing for higher picture quality. Additionally, the module includes an onboard LED for flash functionality and multiple GPIOs for seamless peripheral connections. Users can conveniently insert an SD card to preserve the captured photos for future review.
+The ESP32-CAM, as shown in Fig 2 is a compact and energy-efficient camera module built around ESP32. Equipped with the OV2640 camera, it boasts an onboard TF card slot. One of its standout features is the 4MB PSRAM, which efficiently stores camera images, enabling smooth video streaming and other processes without overwhelming the ESP32, thus allowing for higher picture quality. Additionally, the module includes an onboard LED for flash functionality and multiple GPIOs for seamless peripheral connections. Users can conveniently insert an SD card to preserve the captured photos for future review. (5)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:camera_sdcard.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:camera_sdcard.jpg?nolink&800|}}
+Fig 2. ESP32-Cam AI-Thinker + 8Gb SD Card
-==2.1.2 FT232R UARTUartSBee V5 (FTDI) (henry)==
+==2.1.2 FT232R UartSBee V5 (FTDI) (Henrydon)==
-Since the ESP32-CAM AI-Thinker lacks a built-in programmer and a serial port, it cannot be programmed directly, thus serial communication must be first established through a protocol. The FT232R is a single chip USB to serial UART interface with advanced features, including integrated USB termination resistors, EEPROM for storing device descriptors, support for various data transfer rates, FTDI's royalty-free Virtual Com Port and Direct drivers, and compatibility with different voltage levels, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.(2)
+Since the ESP32-CAM AI-Thinker lacks a built-in programmer and a serial port, it cannot be programmed directly, thus serial communication must be first established through a protocol. The FT232R is a single chip USB to serial UART interface with advanced features, including integrated USB termination resistors, EEPROM for storing device descriptors, support for various data transfer rates, FTDI's royalty-free Virtual Com Port and Direct drivers, and compatibility with different voltage levels, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. (6)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:ftdi.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:ftdi.jpg?nolink&800|}}
-==2.1.3 Solar module (ismail)==
+Fig 3. UartSBee V5
-On the roof of the bird house lies a solar (or photovoltaic panel) module. This eco-friendly component absorbs sunlight to generate clean and sustainable energy, which is then stored in a built-in rechargeable battery. This ensures a continuous and uninterrupted power supply for the bird house camera, even during cloudy days. Photovoltaic panels possess a well-known output characteristic, featuring an internal resistance that quickly decreases close to the open-circuit voltage. This results in a bump-shaped power-voltage characteristic, whose top is typically located between 60-80% of the open-circuit voltage. This point is however not fixed but varies with the output current, which depends itself on the temperature and irradiance, i.e. the operating conditions of the PV cells themselves., as shown in the Fig .Its role in this project is to keep the battery (described in point 2.1.6) charged at all times to ensure the constant recording done by the ESP32-CAM. Logically, the bird house is preferably placed at an elevated location, where it has direct contact to sunlight (a rooftop for instance).
+==2.1.3 Solar module (Ismail)==
-Measuring the potential difference between the positive and negative terminals of the solar module yields a DC voltage of ~6V, which means it consists of 12 PV cells, with 0.5 V each connected serially.
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:whatsapp_image_2023-07-24_at_13.25.15.jpeg?nolink&600|}}
+Fig 4. Solar panel module
+On the roof of the bird house lies a solar (or photovoltaic panel) module, shown in Fig 4. This eco-friendly component absorbs sunlight to generate clean and sustainable energy, which is then stored in a built-in rechargeable battery. This ensures a continuous and uninterrupted power supply for the bird house camera, even during cloudy days.
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:image-79.png?nolink&600|}}
+The short-circuit current is the current through the solar cell when the voltage across the solar cell is zero (i.e., when the solar cell is short circuited). Usually written as ISC, the short-circuit current is shown on the IV curve below. The short-circuit current is due to the generation and collection of light-generated carriers. For an ideal solar cell at most moderate resistive loss mechanisms, the short-circuit current and the light-generated current are identical. Therefore, the short-circuit current is the largest current which may be drawn from the solar cell. (7)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:whatsapp_image_2023-07-24_at_13.25.15.jpeg?nolink&250|}}
+Short circuit current ~1 A
+The open-circuit voltage, VOC, is the maximum voltage available from a solar cell, and this occurs at zero current. The open-circuit voltage corresponds to the amount of forward bias on the solar cell due to the bias of the solar cell junction with the light-generated current. The open-circuit voltage is shown on the IV curve below. (8)
+Measuring the potential difference between the positive and negative terminals of the solar module, as in Vid 1. yields a DC voltage of ~6V, which means it consists of 12 PV cells, with 0.5 V each connected serially.
 {{ :amc:ss2023:group-a:panelvoltage.mp4 |}}
+Vid 1. The open-circuit voltage ~ 6V
-==2.1.4 PIR module (infrared module) (henry)==
+Its role in this project is to keep the battery  charged at all times to ensure the constant recording done by the ESP32-CAM. Logically, the bird house is preferably placed at an elevated location, where it has direct contact to sunlight (a rooftop for instance).
-PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The sensor in a motion detector is actually split in two halves. The reason for that is that we are looking to detect motion (change) not average IR levels. The two halves are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR radiation than the other, the output will swing high or low. The sensor has a wide input voltage range (4. 5V to 12V), a High/Low output voltage of 3. 3V TTL, capable of distinguishing between object and human movement, featuring two operating modes, covering a 120° angle and a 7-meter range, with low power consumption (65mA) and an operating temperature range of -20° to +80° Celsius.(3)
+==2.1.4 PIR module (infrared module) (Henrydon)==
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:pirsensor.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+PIRs are basically made of a pyroelectric sensor, which can detect levels of infrared radiation. The sensor in a motion detector is actually split in two halves. The reason for that is that we are looking to detect motion (change) not average IR levels. The two halves are wired up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees more or less IR radiation than the other, the output will swing high or low. The sensor has a wide input voltage range (4. 5V to 12V), a High/Low output voltage of 3. 3V TTL, capable of distinguishing between object and human movement, featuring two operating modes, covering a 120° angle and a 7-meter range, with low power consumption (65mA) and an operating temperature range of -20° to +80° Celsius. Below the frensel lenses, the IR sensor is housed in a hermetically sealed metal can to protect against intruding noise/temperature/humidity immunity. There is a window made of IR-transmissive material that protects the sensing element. Behind the window are the two balanced sensors. (9)
-==2.1.5 Resistors + Transistors==
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:pirsensor.jpg?nolink&800|}}
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:resistor_transistor.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+Fig 5. PIr sensor
-==2.1.6 Battery + charge regulator (henry)==
+==2.1.5 Resistors + Transistors==
-Lithium-ion polymer batteries are thin, light, and powerful with an output range of 4.2V to 3.7V and a capacity of 2000mAh. The battery comes with a pre-attached genuine 2-pin JST-PH connector preventing snags, smooth insertion, and removal, as well as built-in protection circuitry to prevent overcharging, overuse, and protect against output shorts. (4)
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:resistor_transistor.jpg?nolink&600|}}
-The Adafruit Universal USB/DC/Solar Lithium Ion/Polymer Charger is a multifunctional charging device designed to efficiently and reliably charge lithium-ion/polymer batteries using USB, DC power sources, or solar panels, catering to a wide range of portable and renewable energy applications. It includes status indicators and protection features like overcharging and reverse polarity protection, ensuring safe and efficient charging for the battery and connected devices. (5)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:battery_charger.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+Fig 6. 1K, 10K resistors and 2N2222A NPN Transistor
-===2.2 schematic (osama)===
+The transistor here acts as a switch (10)
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
+==2.1.6 Battery + charge regulator (henry)==
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:schematicbirdhouse.jpg?nolink&1800|}}
+Lithium-ion polymer batteries are thin, light, and powerful with an output range of 3.7V to 4.2V and a capacity of 2000mAh. The battery comes with a pre-attached genuine 2-pin JST-PH connector preventing snags, smooth insertion, and removal, as well as built-in protection circuitry to prevent overcharging, overuse, and protect against output shorts. (11)
-made with KiCad
+The Adafruit Universal USB/DC/Solar Lithium Ion/Polymer Charger, shown in Fig 7. is a multifunctional charging device designed to efficiently and reliably charge lithium-ion/polymer batteries using USB, DC power sources, or solar panels, catering to a wide range of portable and renewable energy applications. It includes status indicators and protection features like overcharging and reverse polarity protection, ensuring safe and efficient charging for the battery and connected devices. Functions with 3.7V/4.2V LiIon batteries, and a 6V solar panel (2.1 mm DC Jack)
-===2.3 Design considerations, Power Profiler II Nordic + power saving considerations (henrydon)===
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:battery_charger.jpg?nolink&700|}}
+Fig 7. Battery + LiPo Charger
-The system should be optimized to consume the least power possible. This can be achieved by programming the ESP32-CAM to switch to several sleep modes, such as in the table:
+The bq24074 which powers this design is great for solar charging, and will automatically draw the most current possible from the panel in any light condition with a near-MPPT characteristic
+Maximum Power Point Tracking is a family of control algorithms that aims at optimizing the use of a power source that possesses a fluctuating power profile. The cloud coverage significantly impacts the capability of a panel to deliver electricity. As such, maximizing the extracted power requires identifying – and tracking – the operating point that provides the highest power level as a function of the operating conditions. MPPT is applied in renewable energy systems. Other special operating points may be interesting to track, such as the maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT), reasons related to operating costs. The inevitable internal resistance can hinder the maximum possible output power. Since the maximum power point is not located at the maximum (Voc) voltage and max. Isc current point. Therefore, the operating point that delivers the maximum power must be constantly tracked by searching for the best voltage · current combination. Voltage collapses during high current draw. We need to find a way to keep the lipo charger from drawing too much current, and backing off when the voltage starts to drop. The bq24074 is equipped with an Input Dynamic Power Managemtn Mode (Input DPM) and basically, when the input drops below 4.5V approximately, the charger will automatically increase/reduce the charge rate to keep the voltage higher than 4.5V. This charger is dynamically stable and does not need an optional capacitor to keep solar charging from oscillating.
-as noted from the table, wireless communication requires a lot of power
+The charger has 2 LEDS:
-By using the power profiler tool, the power consumption of the system can be examined to compare modem sleep and deep sleep:
+OUT - Regulated load output. This pin will provide a regulated output when the input voltage is below the over voltage protection threshold and above the regulation voltage. It will never be higher than 4.4V (but it may dip down to 3V or whatever the LiPo battery voltage is at, if USB/DC isnt plugged in)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:screenshot_2218_.png?nolink&600|}}
+PGOOD - Power Good Status (active low). PGOOD pulls to GND (open drain) lighting the connected led when a valid input source is connected. If the input power source is not within specified limits, PGOOD is disconnected from ground (high impedance) and the LED will be off.
+CHG - Charge status (active low) pulls to GND (open drain) lighting the connected led when the battery is charging. If the battery is charged or the charger is disabled, CHG is disconnected from ground (high impedance) and the LED will be off. (12)
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:screenshot_2220_.png?nolink&600|}}
+===2.2 schematic (osama)===
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:schematicbirdhouse.jpg?nolink&1800|}}
-Battery run time
+Fig 8. System schematic made with KiCad
+====3.0 Results (osama)====
-by using a tool to calculate how long the provided battery can provide power to the whole system, all while being charged by a 6V 0.8A solar panel
+===3.1 Arduino IDE C++ code(Osama)===
-This can also be estimated manually:
-Generally, if a 5V battery has a 1 Ah capacity (or 1000 mAh), then it theoretically powers a 1 A consumer for 1 h based on the formula:
-Charge capacity = discharge time x charge consumption and the power formula P = V x I,
-If 2000 mAh battery runs to discharge into a system that consumes ~10 microamperes per second, and triggers 10 times day, each trigger consumes an average of 220 milliamperes for 6 seconds:
-milli amperes x 6 x 10 = 13,200 mA or 13.2 Amperes when the system is triggered (this is of course increased if wireless communication is activated to send data to a server, for example.
-There are 86,400 seconds in a day, 60 of them are considered for operation = 86,340 seconds, multiplied by 10 microamperes = 863.4 milliamperes or 0.8634 amperes
-average daily current discharge = 13.2 + 0.8634 = 14 amperes
-average daily power consumption = battery operating voltage x average daily current consumption = 4.2 v x 14 = 58.8
-to fully discharge a 2 Ah LiPo battery, assuming it is not charged with a solar panel, find the time t = battery capacity/average current consumption = 2 A x 3600 / 14A = 514.2 h or 21.4 days
-In this case, birdfood is placed outside in front of the birdhouse, and the camera is placed facing the outside. Ensure that the PIR sensor is protected one way or another, since it is imperative for monitoring purposes
-when possible, design a pcb board for your system to make it more compact
-when possible, take as many precautions to protect the birdhouse from damage or decay, caused by humidity or raifall. install a cover around the rims on the top so that the water can runoff (also for the sake of shading the birds) , drill or cut a hole in the bottom part and create a gradient or incline from the inside, to drain out any water inflitration. Seal any openings with waterproof tape or glue (between the solar panel roof and the top hatch)
-temperature and humidity sensors can also be added on to the system, which can highlight behaviors and preferred conditions for certain avian species
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:nppk2.jpg?nolink&400|}}
-{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:cameraposition.jpeg?nolink&150|}}
-===2.4 Arduino IDE C++ code and Python script to transfer photos (Osama)===
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborumLorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
+This code is adapted from Random Nerd Tutorials: (13)
 <code>
@@ Line 282: / Line 254: @@
 </code>
+The initial expriment ran for 1 week and did not attract any birds in fact, therefore a better location was chosen: GFL garden
-===2.5 Environmental monitoring: OpenCV/Snap! with Nvidia Nanojetson (osama)===
+The bird photos collected will be reviewed, and a conclusion about the bird species biodiversity in Kamp-Lintofrt, GFL timeline of experiment: 1 month
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
+====4.0 Discussion (osama)====
-====3.0 Results (osama)====
+===4.1 Design considerations, Power Profiler II Nordic + power saving considerations (henrydon)===
-====4.0 Discussion (osama)====
+The system should be optimized to consume the least power possible. This can be achieved by programming the ESP32-CAM to switch to several sleep modes, such as in the table:
+as noted from the table, wireless communication requires a lot of power
+By using the power profiler tool, the power consumption of the system can be examined to compare modem sleep and deep sleep:
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:screenshot_2218_.png?nolink&600|}}
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:screenshot_2220_.png?nolink&600|}}
+Battery run time
+by using a tool to calculate how long the provided battery can provide power to the whole system, all while being charged by a 6V 1A solar panel
+This can also be estimated manually:
+Generally, if a 5V battery has a 1 Ah capacity (or 1000 mAh), then it theoretically powers a 1 A consumer for 1 h based on the formula:
+Charge capacity = discharge time x charge consumption + the power formula P = V x I,
+If 2000 mAh battery discharges into a system that consumes ~10 microamperes, and triggers 10 times day, each trigger consumes an average of 220 milliamperes for 6 seconds:
+milli amperes x 6 seconds x 10 times a day = 13,200 mcoloumb or 13.2 columbs in a day when the system is triggered (this is of course increased if wireless communication is activated to send data to a server, for example.
+There are 86,400 seconds in a day, 60 of them are considered for operation = 86,340 seconds, multiplied by 10 microamperes = 863.4 milliamperes or 0.8634 amperes
+average daily current discharge = 13.2 + 0.8634 = 14 amperes
+average daily power consumption = battery operating voltage x average daily current consumption = 4.2 v x 14 = 58.8
+to fully discharge a 2 Ah LiPo battery, assuming it is not charged with a solar panel, find the time t = battery capacity/average current consumption = 2 A x 3600 / 14A = 514.2 h or 21.4 days
+For a more optimal design, some tips:
+In this case, birdfood is placed outside in front of the birdhouse, and the camera is placed facing the outside. Ensure that the PIR sensor is protected one way or another, since it is imperative for monitoring purposes
+when possible, design a pcb board for your system to make it more compact
+when possible, take as many precautions to protect the birdhouse from damage or decay, caused by humidity or raifall. install a cover around the rims on the top so that the water can runoff (also for the sake of shading the birds) , drill or cut a hole in the bottom part and create a gradient or incline from the inside, to drain out any water inflitration. Seal any openings with waterproof tape or glue (between the solar panel roof and the top hatch)
+temperature and humidity sensors can also be added on to the system, which can highlight behaviors and preferred conditions for certain avian species
+===3.2 Python script to transfer photos (Osama)===
+(14)
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:nppk2.jpg?nolink&400|}}
+{{:amc:ss2023:group-a:cameraposition.jpeg?nolink&150|}}
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
-===4.1 AI object detection===
-Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum
 ====5.0 Conclusion (Ismail)====
-To sum up the project and the effort that was put into it, we did face several challenges while developing a fully functioning bird house with integrated bird vision. For example, none of the group members had gained any experience with the utilized components in the past. Thus, it was quite overwhelming when we started working on the project. The number of components required for this project was relatively high; we used
+To sum up the project and the effort that was put into it, we did face several challenges while developing a fully functioning bird house with integrated bird vision. For example, none of the group members had gained any experience with the utilized components in the past. Thus, it was quite overwhelming when we started working on the project. The number of components required for this project was relatively high; we used an ESP32-CAM along with an SD card, a FT232R UARTUartSBee V5 (FTDI), a solar module, a PIR module, and a battery along with a charge regulator. Each of these components had rather unique properties, which in turn intensified the challenge of getting them all to work simultaneously. However, with enough dedication, we managed to program and connect all components in the best feasible way. The knowledge gained from previous modules in the field of physics and programming greatly aided us while accomplishing this project.
 ====6.0 References====
 . Allan, B. M. et al. (2018). Futurecasting ecological research: The rise of technoecology. Ecosphere, 9(5), e02163. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2163
-. FT232R USB UART IC Datasheet Version 2.16: https://ftdichip.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DS_FT232R.pdf (Accessed on 22/07/2023)
+. https://www.nabu.de/tiere-und-pflanzen/voegel/gefaehrdungen/24661.html
+.https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20220514-1
+. https://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Measurements_of_biodiversity#Biodiversity_indices
+. https://docs.ai-thinker.com/en/esp32-cam
+. FT232R USB UART IC Datasheet Version 2.16: https://ftdichip.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/DS_FT232R.pdf (Accessed on 22/07/2023)
+. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/short-circuit-current
+. https://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/solar-cell-operation/open-circuit-voltage
+. PIR module (infrared module): https://components101.com/sensors/hc-sr501-pir- sensor#:~:text=The%20PIR%20sensor%20stands%20for,in%20the%20pin%20diagram%20above.
+. transistor function
+. Battery: https://www.adafruit.com/product/2011
+. Battery LiPo charger: https://www.adafruit.com/product/4755
-. PIR module (infrared module): https://components101.com/sensors/hc-sr501-pir- sensor#:~:text=The%20PIR%20sensor%20stands%20for,in%20the%20pin%20diagram%20above.
+. Random nerd
-. Battery: https://www.adafruit.com/product/2011
+. python script for server upload
-. Charge regulator: https://www.adafruit.com/product/4755
+. deep sleep
-https://docs.ai-thinker.com/en/esp32-cam
-https://www.nabu.de/tiere-und-pflanzen/voegel/gefaehrdungen/24661.html